Flash Memory Controller

Example code:
http://lxr.linux.no/linux+v2.6.32/drivers/mtd/nand/s3c2410.c

mtd nand driver architecture:
http://kernel.org/doc/htmldocs/mtdnand.html

about ECC of nand:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_memory
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Error_correcting_code

bad block management
NAND devices also require bad block management by the device driver software, or by a separate controller chip. SD cards, for example, include controller circuitry to perform bad block management and wear leveling. When a logical block is accessed by high-level software, it is mapped to a physical block by the device driver or controller. A number of blocks on the flash chip may be set aside for storing mapping tables to deal with bad blocks, or the system may simply check each block at power-up to create a bad block map in RAM. The overall memory capacity gradually shrinks as more blocks are marked as bad.

nand flash controller diagram

specification of nand interface, including command definition
http://www.micron.com/~/media/Documents/Products/ONFI/onfi_31_spec.pdf

Wear Leveling
JFFS2, YAFFS, and UBIFS include bad block management, wear leveling, error correction and provide reliable filesystems for industrial use on top of NAND Flash.

Some code about Linux file system on Flash

struct nand_chip {
 int (*write_page)(struct mtd_info *mtd, struct nand_chip *chip,
   uint32_t offset, int data_len, const uint8_t *buf,
   int oob_required, int page, int cached, int raw);
            
               
}

nand_write
  nand_do_write_ops
    chip->write_page ( nand_write_page )
      ecc->write_page ( nand_write_page_hwecc )
        chip->write_buf ( s3c2410_nand_write_buf ) 
      chip->cmdfunc( nand_command ) 
        chip->cmd_ctrl( s3c2410_nand_hwcontrol )
    


    
nand_read
  nand_do_read_ops
    chip->cmdfunc ( nand_command )
      chip->cmd_ctrl( s3c2410_nand_hwcontrol )
    ecc->read_page_raw ( nand_read_page_raw )
      chip->read_buf ( s3c2410_nand_read_buf )
      

mtd_read
  mtd->_read ( nand_read )
mtd_write       
  mtd->_write ( nand_write ) 
    
    
ubi_io_write    
  mtd_write
ubi_io_read
  mtd_read  
  
Wear-Leveling is in the drivers\mtd\ubi\wl.c 


UBIFS to UBI
  ubifs_leb_read
    ubi_read
  ubifs_leb_write
    ubi_leb_write
    

UBIFS and UBI are different
  UBI source code 
    drivers\mtd\ubi
  UBIFS source code
    fs\ubifs
  UBIFS's VFS mount point
    fs\ubifs\file.c
    fs\ubifs\dir.c
    fs\ubifs\super.c